A T12 vertebral compression fracture refers to a compression fracture of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, also known as a T12 vertebral compression fracture. Clinically, it is commonly seen in middle - aged and elderly patients who fall or experience a high - altitude fall, landing on their buttocks or heels, which transmits force upward. For the treatment of a T12 vertebral compression fracture, if the degree of compression is mild, such as around 1/4 to 1/5, conservative treatment, bed rest, and oral medication for symptomatic relief can be adopted, often yielding good therapeutic results. For elderly patients with T12 compression fractures exceeding 1/3, percutaneous vertebroplasty (PKP or PVP) may also be considered. These procedures provide effective pain relief, immediately restore spinal stability, and have a good prognosis. In cases of severe compression accompanied by spinal instability and spinal canal encroachment, significant kyphotic deformity or neurological symptoms may occur. Clinically, open reduction and internal fixation with pedicle screws are often recommended.